What is the primary procedure performed to remove plaque and calculus from tooth surfaces?

Scaling is the fundamental procedure designed to remove plaque and calculus from the surfaces of teeth. This technique involves the use of specialized instruments to carefully eliminate hardened deposits (calculus) and biofilm (plaque) on both the visible parts of the teeth and beneath the gum line. Effective scaling is crucial for maintaining oral health, as it helps prevent periodontal disease by reducing the bacterial load that can lead to inflammation and infection of the gums.

While root planing is an important procedure that often follows scaling, its primary purpose is to smooth the surfaces of the tooth roots after calculus removal, aiding in the healing of periodontal tissues. Curettage involves the removal of soft tissue and is typically more focused on the lining of periodontal pockets rather than calculus and plaque on tooth surfaces. Polishing is performed after scaling to smooth the surfaces of the teeth and remove any remaining stain but does not remove plaque or calculus itself. Therefore, among the procedures listed, scaling is specifically targeted at the removal of plaque and calculus, making it the correct choice.